Vitalik Buterin Argues Ethereum’s Biggest Use Case Is Data Availability

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin says the network’s clearest value proposition may not be smart contracts or payments, but something more foundational: acting as a censorship-resistant public data layer. In a post reflecting on conversations at Real World Crypto and related events, Buterin argued that stepping outside “blockchain baggage” makes ETH’s core utility easier to see.

“I was recently at Real World Crypto (that’s crypto as in cryptography) and the associated side events, and one thing that struck me was that it was a clarifying experience in terms of understanding what blockchains are for,” Buterin wrote. “We blockchain people (myself included) often have a tendency to start off from the perspective that we are Ethereum, and therefore we need to go around and find use cases for Ethereum.”

Ethereum’s Core Value Starts With A ‘Public Bulletin Board’

His point was less about defending Ethereum as a brand than re-evaluating it as infrastructure. “For a moment, let us forget that we are ‘the Ethereum community’. Rather, we are maintainers of the Ethereum tool,” he wrote, asking where the network adds value when viewed with “zero attachment to Ethereum specifically.”

The first answer, he said, is “not what you think.” It is “not smart contracts, it’s not even payments,” but what cryptographers call a “public bulletin board”, a publicly readable and writable place to post data blobs. That matters because a range of cryptographic systems, including secure online voting, software and website version control, and certificate revocation, depend on exactly that kind of shared infrastructure.

“This does not require any computation functionality,” Buterin wrote. “In fact, it does not directly require money, though it does indirectly require money, because if you want permissionless anti-spam it has to be economic. The only thing it fundamentally requires is data availability.”

That framing leads directly to Ethereum’s recent scaling work. Buterin highlighted PeerDAS, which he said increased Ethereum’s data availability capacity by 2.3x, with a roadmap to push that another 10x to 100x higher. In his telling, that makes Ethereum increasingly relevant not just for onchain finance, but for a broader class of open, privacy-preserving internet infrastructure.

Payments still matter, but as a secondary layer in the stack. Buterin argued that many systems need value transfer not primarily for commerce, but for anti-spam, sybil resistance, and machine-to-machine coordination. He pointed to Ethereum plus ZK payment channels as a strong design for permissionless APIs, and said ETH can serve as a “natural backstop” for applications that want to resist fake-account abuse without relying on phone numbers or other centralized identity rails.

Smart contracts come after that. Here, Buterin described them as useful for security deposits, for implementing constructs like ZK payment channels, and for managing pointers to “digital objects” tied to socially recognized external entities. Technically, he said, most non-ETH use cases could be handled by treating the chain as a bulletin board and using ZK-SNARKs for computation off-chain. In practice, though, standardizing that model is difficult, and shared execution remains the more interoperable route.

The broader claim is that Ethereum works best when understood as “global shared memory” inside a decentralized software stack. Buterin suggested adoption may still lag that reality because many builders are operating with outdated assumptions from 2020 to 2022, when fees were far higher and scaling looked less mature. Today, he argued, fees are “extremely low,” the roadmap is stronger, and tooling to shield users from fee volatility has improved.

At press time, ETH traded at 2,110.