Most crypto assets are not securities, according to new guidance jointly issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
The interpretation, issued by the two regulators in a joint statement on Tuesday, sets out how federal laws apply to digital assets. It defines when a token moves from being a security to a commodity and syncs the approaches of the two regulators to crypto regulation.
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The SEC has long considered many crypto tokens, particularly those sold through initial coin offerings (ICOs) or linked to profit expectations, as securities under the Howey Test. It placed them under its oversight.
In contrast, the CFTC has treated major cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies By using cryptography, virtual currencies, known as cryptocurrencies, are nearly counterfeit-proof digital currencies that are built on blockchain technology. Comprised of decentralized networks, blockchain technology is not overseen by a central authority.Therefore, cryptocurrencies function in a decentralized nature which theoretically makes them immune to government interference. The term, cryptocurrency derives from the origin of the encryption techniques that are employed to secure the netw By using cryptography, virtual currencies, known as cryptocurrencies, are nearly counterfeit-proof digital currencies that are built on blockchain technology. Comprised of decentralized networks, blockchain technology is not overseen by a central authority.Therefore, cryptocurrencies function in a decentralized nature which theoretically makes them immune to government interference. The term, cryptocurrency derives from the origin of the encryption techniques that are employed to secure the netw Read this Term such as Bitcoin and Ether as commodities under the Commodity Exchange Act, also bringing them within its jurisdiction.
Coordinated Regulatory Approach
“After more than a decade of uncertainty, this interpretation will provide market participants with a clear understanding of how the Commission treats crypto assets under federal securities laws,” commented SEC Chairman Paul Atkins. “It also acknowledges what the former administration refused to recognize – that most crypto assets are not themselves securities.”
Before this joint interpretation, the duo applied crypto laws inconsistently, often relying on case‑by‑case enforcement and court decisions to determine whether a token was a security or a commodity.
The joint interpretation now creates a clear classification system for different types of digital assets, including commodities, collectibles, utility tokens, stablecoins, and securities.
It explains how a crypto asset that isn’t a security on its own can still fall under securities laws if it becomes part of an investment contract, and how it can later move out of that category.
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The CFTC confirmed it will apply the Commodity Exchange Act in line with the SEC’s approach. CFTC CFTC The 1974 Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) in the United States created the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The Commission protects and regulates market activities against manipulation, fraud, and abuse trade practices and promotes fairness in futures contracts. The CEA also included the Sad-Johnson Agreement, which defined the authority and responsibilities for the monitoring of financial contracts between the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commiss The 1974 Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) in the United States created the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The Commission protects and regulates market activities against manipulation, fraud, and abuse trade practices and promotes fairness in futures contracts. The CEA also included the Sad-Johnson Agreement, which defined the authority and responsibilities for the monitoring of financial contracts between the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commiss Read this Term Chair Michael Selig said the decision provides long-awaited clarity for innovators and investors.
SEC Chair Paul Atkins called the interpretation a long-overdue step that “draws clear lines in clear terms.”
The joint release supports ongoing efforts in Congress to establish a unified market structure for digital assets. The interpretation will be published on both agencies’ websites and in the Federal Register.
Crypto Tokens Get Clearer US Rulebook
The new joint interpretation now gives crypto firms a clearer line on whether a token sits in SEC or CFTC territory, reduces the risk that the same asset is treated differently over time, and lowers the odds of “regulation-by-enforcement” that has dominated the US market so far.
For an industry that has long operated under the threat that a token might be deemed a security only after launch, the explicit acknowledgment that most crypto assets are not themselves securities, and that investment contracts can end, directly tackles the legal grey zone.
In the US, crypto has been shifting to a more structured rulebook with clearer roles for the SEC, CFTC and Congress. Lawmakers pushed market‑structure and stablecoin bills such as the GENIUS Act.
At the same time, the SEC has opened the door to spot bitcoin and ether ETFs and relaxed some earlier banking constraints, which has driven institutional adoption via listed products rather than offshore exchanges.
