UK Financial Regulator Refocuses Enforcement While Closing Dozens of Probes

Over the past few years, the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority has significantly reduced the number of investigations it actively pursues, opting instead for fewer cases with clearer outcomes and faster resolution.

Key takeaways

• The FCA has closed around 100 investigations without enforcement action
• Active cases have nearly halved since 2022
• Enforcement is shifting toward fewer, higher-impact cases
• Investigations are being resolved much faster than in the past

Fewer Cases, Faster Decisions

That change is most visible in the numbers. Since 2022, the FCA has closed around 100 investigations without taking formal action, cutting its active case load almost in half. By October 2025, the regulator was overseeing just 124 open investigations — the lowest level in years and a sharp contrast to the more than 230 cases three years earlier.

The pivot began after new leadership took charge of the enforcement division in 2023. Rather than launching large volumes of exploratory cases, the FCA began prioritizing matters where misconduct was easier to prove and enforcement would have a tangible market impact.

The result has been a leaner pipeline. New investigations dropped sharply in 2025, with the regulator opening fewer than half the cases it typically launched in earlier years. Legal advisers representing firms say the FCA is now far less likely to open cases simply to “see where they lead,” favoring clearer breaches over prolonged fact-finding exercises.

At the same time, investigations are closing faster. Several recent cases reached outcomes in well under two years — a dramatic improvement compared with the historical average, which often stretched beyond three years.

Enforcement Still Delivers Heavy Fines

Despite the reduced investigation count, enforcement activity has not disappeared. In fact, the FCA has issued more enforcement actions in the past two years than its long-term annual average. The difference lies in concentration rather than intensity.

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Major penalties have focused on anti-money laundering failures and systemic compliance weaknesses, including multi-million-pound fines against large UK banks and building societies. The message appears to be selective but forceful: fewer targets, higher stakes.

A Broader Regulatory Shift

The FCA’s recalibration mirrors trends elsewhere. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission has also eased back from the aggressive enforcement posture that defined the early 2020s, particularly in the crypto sector. Under the current political climate, regulators on both sides of the Atlantic are under pressure to support economic growth and avoid overburdening businesses.

Both agencies frame the shift as an efficiency upgrade rather than a retreat. Resources, they argue, are being redirected toward the most serious risks rather than spread thin across marginal cases.

Regulation Tightens Elsewhere

Importantly, fewer investigations today do not mean lighter regulation tomorrow. The UK is preparing a new supervisory framework for cryptoasset firms that will come into force in 2027, alongside expanded rules on workplace misconduct and enhanced oversight of professional services starting in 2026.

Legal experts broadly agree that the FCA’s enforcement culture remains intact — but more disciplined. Investigations are increasingly outcome-driven, and the era of opening cases purely for diagnostic purposes appears to be ending.

For firms operating in the UK, the message is nuanced: the regulator may knock less often, but when it does, it is more likely to arrive with a clear case — and a heavy penalty.

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